No sé cuántos artículos habré ya publicado tratando temas relacionados con Stephen Jay Gould, pero sinceramente me parece un científico fascinante (y por el que me he visto fuertemente influenciado, junto a Darwin), principalmente por su punto de vista sobre la evolución y también por su curiosa manera de contar sus reflexiones de historia natural. No obstante, eso no quiere decir que me alinee con todos sus planteamientos evolutivos en relación con los vertebrados, como el proceso de macroevolución (véase El gradualismo, una de las bases de la evolución y los artículos asociado a este), aunque sí compartiría su punto de vista si se tratase de otros organismos (véase El monstruo improbable de Gould).
Aparte de esto, Gould junto a Lewontin fueron especialmente críticos con la incipiente y, en muchos casos, excesivamente naturalista forma de estudiar la evolución que predominaba entre los años 70 y 90. Esta crítica surgió, en parte, como reacción al provocador campo de la sociobiología, propuesto por E. O. Wilson en 1975, que intentaba explicar gran parte del comportamiento animal y humano en términos de selección natural y adaptación. Gould y Lewontin consideraban que muchas explicaciones adaptacionistas de la época caían en "historias convenientes", es decir, relatos simplistas sobre la función de determinados rasgos sin evidencia empírica sólida que los respaldara, tal como el famoso caso del color de los flamencos y los ocelos de las mariposas (véase Historias convenientes). Obviamente, su crítica no pretendía negar el papel central de la selección natural, sino advertir sobre el riesgo de convertirla en una explicación universal, olvidando que muchos rasgos podrían ser neutros en términos de aptitud y surgir como resultado de restricciones del desarrollo, leyes físicas y planes generales de construcción de los organismos (Moreno, 2008).
| Stephen Jay Gould, probablemente uno de los mayores biólogos evolutivos del siglo XX. Créditos de la imagen: Wally McNamee/CORBIS |
Incluso, la concentración de la grasa en la joroba no es producto del azar. Si esta grasa estuviera distribuida de manera homogénea por todo el cuerpo, el camello podría sufrir un sobrecalentamiento debido a la intensa radiación solar del desierto. La solución evolutiva más eficiente ha sido concentrar la grasa en la joroba, permitiendo que el resto del cuerpo permanezca relativamente libre de grasa subcutánea. De este modo, la piel del camello es fina y poco aislante. Al mismo tiempo, el pelaje capilar del camello representa un medio de aislamiento que protege la piel de la radiación directa. Durante el día, reduce la transferencia de calor desde el aire caliente hacia la piel, y por la noche, cuando las temperaturas caen drásticamente, ayuda a retener el calor corporal (Abel-Hameed, 2011).
| Representación artística del gran camello del Alto Ártico, Paracamelus. Créditos de la imagen: Agustin Diaz |
Además, el hecho de que estas especies fueran más corpulentas y probablemente con un pelaje igual o similar de denso que el del camello bactriano parece indicar que estas características podrían representar la condición ancestral. Mientras que la condición de una sola joroba y la reducción del pelaje y la corpulencia sería rasgos derivados especializados a la vida de los desiertos cálidos de África y Araba.
Igualmente, a mi punto de vista, creo que el gran problema de todo esto es que no sabemos exactamente identificar si un determinado animal presentaba una o varias jorobas, porque tampoco es que haya mucha evidencia que ayude a verificar tal afirmación. Nos podríamos basar en la altura de las espinas neurales, tal y como comenté en el caso del bisonte, pero realmente la joroba de este es bastante diferente a la de los camellos, ya que está formada principalmente por músculo y no solo grasa. Además, si nos basamos única y exclusivamente en el esqueleto de Paracamelus o del camello bactriano, sería muy difícil llegar a afirmar que presentaba dos jorobas. Y, en todo caso, lo más probable sería llegar a decir que solo tenía una por la forma que tiene.
En fin... los grandes problemas del registro fósil. Pero, desde luego, hay una base para poder sostener ambas ideas. Así, a mi modo de pensar, creo que ambas interpretaciones podrían darse por válidas, ya que no podemos dar por hecho cuál es más correcta.
- MORENO JUAN (2008). RETOS ACTUALES DEL DARWINISMO ¿UNA TEORIA EN CRISIS?
- Kadim, Isam & Mahgoub, Osman & Al MAQBALI, Rabea & Annamalai, K. & Al-Ajmi, Dawood. (2002). Effects of age on fatty acid composition of the hump and abdomen depot fats of the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius).
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0309174001002546 - Guo, Fucheng & Si, Rendalai & He, Jing & Yuan, Liyun & Hải, Lê & Ming, Liang & Yi, Li & Ji, Rimutu. (2019). Comprehensive transcriptome analysis of adipose tissue in the Bactrian camel reveals fore hump has more specific physiological functions in immune and endocrine systems.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335630256_Comprehensive_transcriptome_analysis_of_adipose_tissue_in_the_Bactrian_camel_reveals_fore_hump_has_more_specific_physiological_functions_in_immune_and_endocrine_systems - Abdel-Hameed, Afaf & El-Zeiny, Wissam & Zaakoug, S.. (2011). THERMOREGULATION IN THE ONE-HUMPED SHE CAMEL (Camelus dromedarius): DIURNAL AND SEASONAL EFFECTS ON CORE AND SURFACE TEMPERATURES.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340781342_THERMOREGULATION_IN_THE_ONE-HUMPED_SHE_CAMEL_Camelus_dromedarius_DIURNAL_AND_SEASONAL_EFFECTS_ON_CORE_AND_SURFACE_TEMPERATURES - Iglesias Pastrana, Carlos & Navas González, Francisco & Ciani, Elena & Marín Navas, Carmen & Delgado, J.V.. (2024). Determination of breeding criteria for gait proficiency in leisure riding and racing dromedary camels: a stepwise multivariate analysis of factors predicting overall biomechanical performance.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377435352_Determination_of_breeding_criteria_for_gait_proficiency_in_leisure_riding_and_racing_dromedary_camels_a_stepwise_multivariate_analysis_of_factors_predicting_overall_biomechanical_performance - Buckley, Michael & Lawless, Craig & Rybczynski, Natalia. (2019). Collagen sequence analysis of fossil camels, Camelops and c.f. Paracamelus, from the Arctic and sub-Arctic of Plio-Pleistocene North America.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1874391918304044 - Naples, Virginia. (2009). Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals.
- LIKIUS, A. & BRUNET, M. & Geraads, Denis & Vignaud, Patrick. (2003). Le plus vieux Camelidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) d’Afrique : limite Mio-Pliocène,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27598811_Le_plus_vieux_Camelidae_Mammalia_Artiodactyla_d'Afrique_limite_Mio-Pliocene_Tchad
(First I apologize for writing in English. I don't mean to be disrespectful. My Spanish is limited and I don't feel comfortable using auto translate because it occasionally makes mistakes. I'm writing in the language I know best so I can write as precisely as possible. I like reading your posts in Spanish then translating them to English to see what I misunderstood.)
ReplyDeleteHello! I enjoy your blog, interesting topics to explore. There is quite a bit of new research into camel evolution I'm certain you'll want to know. It has improved our knowledge of camel evolution quite a bit and it likely changes the conclusions you came to.
It has been discovered that the wild Bactrian camel is a separate species from the domesticated Bactrian camel. There are now three camel species recognized, Camelus dromedarius, Camelus bactrianus, and Camelus ferus. According to molecular data the ancestor of the dromedary camel diverged from the ancestor of both kinds of Bactrian camel 4.4 to 8 million years ago. The ancestors of the wild Bactrian camel (C. ferus) separated from the ancestors of the domestic Bactrian camel (C. bactrianus) about 0.7 to 1.1 million years ago.
Through 'collagen fingerprinting' of bone fragments scientists have found 'the high Arctic camel' Paracamelus found on Ellesmere Island in the extreme north Arctic was the direct ancestor of all the extant camel species. Not Camelops as was previously thought to be most likely. The protein profile most closely matched modern Camelus dromedarius.
This makes it much more likely Paracamelus had a hump or humps. Even though the climate was warmer and wetter than it is now. Enough to have a lush boreal forest it still had to survive 6 months of darkness and likely freezing conditions. Paracamelus likely lived from about 10 million YBP to 1 million YBP. It probably crossed into Asia around 6 million years ago as it's been dated in Spain to around that time. This means the ancestor of the dromedary could have diverged in North America or just after it crossed into Asia.
For the reasons you explained in the article showing why the dromedary has one hump. It's more likely Paracamelus as an arctic camel had two humps and the one hump form didn't evolve until the ancestor of the dromedary arrived in the Sahara where it is very hot and dry. It's now thought it's likely Camelops and other ancient camels in the Camelini tribe had humps. Many of the species had tall neural spines similar to other humped animals making it the likely ancestral condition along with other adaptations to arctic or desert climates.
It took me a while to dig up this information. Camels and their evolution are fascinating, the discoveries and science is changing because of DNA testing and new discoveries. The wild Bactrian camel is a fascinating animal, even more so than the domesticated types. I think if you do your own searching you'll find much of the info I found and if you disagree with any of my conclusions let me know why. Once again thanks for the informative blog!
Hi, It´s no problem If you write in English. I write in Spanish because it´s the language I´m most comfortable with, although i could also write in English. Still, I think making the blog in Spanish is a good idea, since in general there is a less tendency in Spanish-speaking countries to create this kind of blog. Usually, English-speaking countries tend to lead the way when it come to creating blogs and science communication content about topics such as natural history and biology.
DeleteThank you very much for the congratulations, and i would also like to congratulate you for being the first person to write on the blog. I have always thought that having conversations about related topics can be a great source of inspirations for future post, so once agian: thank you!
I will correct the issue you mentioned. As for the humps... it´s actually quite a complicated topic. There are not many animals that have a hump similar to that of camels. For example, the American bison has a hump, and if you compare with its skeleton you can indeed notice where it is located. However, unlike the hump of camels, the bison´s hump is composed mainly of muscle rather than just fat.
I think that, rather, the problem is that we don´t know exactly whether a given animal had one or multiple humps. There isn´t much evidence to support such a claim. We could base it on the height of the neural spines (as is the case with bison), but if we only knew the skeleton of the Bactrian camel, it would be very difficult to conclude that it had two humps. In any case, the most likey interpretation would probably be that it had only one, based on its overall shape.
But, you know, it´s entirely plausible. It´s just difficult to determine based on the fossill record
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